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Showing posts with label Health. Show all posts

Coronavirus Myths ، facts and Prevention کورونا وائرس- حقائق ، خرافات اور سازش کے نظریات

دعوی - افواہ : ابلتے ہوئے پانی ، نمک اور سنتری کے چھلکے کے مرکب سے بھاپ کو سانس لینے سے نئے کورونا وائرس کی روک تھام یا افاقہ ہوگا۔
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حقائق: 
بھاپ وائرس کی علامتوں کو راحت بخش ثابت کرسکتی ہے ، لیکن یہ اس کی روک تھام یا علاج نہیں کرے گی۔ فیس بک اور ٹویٹر پر بڑے پیمانے پر گردش کرنے والی فوٹو اور ویڈیو پوسٹوں میں ، لوگوں کو بھاپ میں سانس لیتے ہوئے مرکب سے بھرے ہوئے ابلتے پانی کے ایک برتن پر کھڑے دیکھا جاسکتا ہے۔ کچھ معاملات میں ، کٹی ہوئی پیاز سے خوشبو دار تیل تک دوسری اشیاء شامل کی گئی ہیں۔ ویڈیو کی مختلف حالتوں سے سوشل میڈیا پر ہزاروں آراء موصول ہوئیں۔ "بھاپ سی نمک اور اورینج کے چھلکے۔ بھاپ کو 15 منٹ کے لئے سانس لیں۔ فرض کریں کہ کورونا وائرس کو جسم میں داخل ہونے سے روکیں۔ اس کو سوشل میڈیا پر دیکھا اور ہاں میں یہ کر رہا ہوں ، “مرکب کی تصویر والی ایک فیس بک پوسٹ نے کہا۔ ماہرین کا کہنا ہے کہ سانس لینے سے بھاپ سے وائرس کی علامات سے نجات مل سکتی ہے ، جیسے ناک کی بلغم کی جھلیوں یا گلے کے پچھلے حصے کو راحت بخش بنانا ، لیکن یہ وائرس کو ختم نہیں کرے گا۔ امریکن پھیپھڑوں کی ایسوسی ایشن کے چیف میڈیکل آفیسر ڈاکٹر البرٹ رجو نے کہا ، "یہ طرز عمل مددگار ثابت ہوسکتے ہیں ، لیکن مجھے نہیں لگتا کہ ان کو علاج کے طور پر یا بنیادی وائرس کے علاج کے طور پر دیکھا جانا چاہئے۔" آن لائن پوسٹس نے مشورہ دیا ہے کہ بھاپ سے گرمی وائرس کو بھی ختم کردے گی ، جس کے بارے میں ماہرین نے خبردار کیا ہے ، خاص طور پر اگر کوئی شخص چولہے پر ابلتے ہوئے پانی کے ایک برتن پر کھڑا ہونے کا انتخاب کرتا ہے۔ وینڈربرلٹ یونیورسٹی میں متعدی بیماری کے ماہر ڈاکٹر ولیم شیفنر نے اس عمل سے خبردار کیا۔ انہوں نے کہا ، "تھوڑی سی گرم نمی ان وائرس کو چوٹ پہنچانے والی نہیں ہے۔ "لوگوں کو اس بارے میں بہت ، بہت محتاط رہنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ اگر آپ ابلتے ہوئے پانی کے ایک برتن پر جھکا رہے ہیں تو آپ کو ہر طرح کی غلطیاں ہوسکتی ہیں۔

  1.  مشہور لیکن مکمل طور پر غلط کہانیوں اور نظریوں کا ایک مجموعہ۔ ان میں سے کوئی بھی جائز نہیں ہے ، حالانکہ انھیں سوشل میڈیا پر بڑے پیمانے پر شیئر کیا گیا تھا۔ ایسوسی ایٹڈ پریس نے انہیں چیک کیا۔ حقائق یہ ہیں >>>>>
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بھاپ سانس کیا ہے؟

 ناک کے راستے کو سکون بخشنے اور کھولنے اور سردی یا ہڈیوں کے انفیکشن کی علامات سے راحت حاصل کرنے کے لئے بھاپ سے بھر پور گھریلو علاج میں سے ایک ہے۔

 اسے بھاپ تھراپی بھی کہا جاتا ہے ، اس میں پانی کے بخارات کی سانس شامل ہوتی ہے۔  گرم ، نم ہوا ہوا ناک کے حصئوں ، گلے اور پھیپھڑوں میں بلغم کو ڈھیلی دے کر کام کرنے کا سوچا جاتا ہے۔  اس سے آپ کے ناک کے راستے میں سوجن ، سوجن ہوئی خون کی رگوں کی علامتوں سے نجات مل سکتی ہے۔

  اگرچہ بھاپ سانس کسی انفیکشن کا علاج نہیں کرسکتی ہے ، جیسے کہ نزلہ یا فلو، کرونا وائرس   اس سے آپ کو بہت بہتر محسوس کرنے میں مدد مل سکتی ہے جبکہ آپ کا جسم اس سے لڑتا ہے۔  لیکن کسی بھی گھریلو علاج کی طرح ، بہترین طریقوں کو سیکھنا ضروری ہے تاکہ آپ اس عمل میں خود کو تکلیف نہ پہنچائیں۔

بھاپ سانس لینے کے کیا فوائد ہیں؟

 ہڈیوں کی خون کی وریدوں میں سوجن کی وجہ سے ایک بھٹی ناک کی متحرک ہوتی ہے۔  شدید اوپری سانس کے انفیکشن ، جیسے نزلہ یا سینوس انفیکشن کی وجہ سے خون کی نالیوں میں جلن پیدا ہوسکتی ہے۔

 نم ، گرم بھاپ میں سانس لینے کا سب سے بڑا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ ناک کے حصئوں میں جلن اور سوجن ہوئی خون کی نالیوں کے احساس کو کم کرنے میں مدد مل سکتی ہے۔  نمی آپ کے سینوس میں بلغم کو پتلی کرنے میں بھی مددگار ثابت ہوسکتی ہے ، جس کی مدد سے وہ آسانی سے خالی ہوجاتا ہے۔  اس سے کم سے کم وقت کے لئے آپ کی سانسیں معمول پر آسکیں گی۔

 بھاپ سانس کی علامتوں سے کچھ وقتی ریلیف مل سکتا ہے، علاج نہیں :

  1.  عام سردی
  2.  فلو (انفلوئنزا)
  3.  ہڈیوں کے انفیکشن (متعدی سائنوسائٹس)
  4.  برونکائٹس
  5.  ناک الرجی
  6. ( اضافی نوٹ ۔۔۔ اب شامل کریں کرونا وائرس علاج نہیں )
 اگرچہ بھاپ سے سانس لینے سے سردی اور دوسرے اوپری سانس کے انفیکشن کی علامات سے نجات مل سکتی ہے ، لیکن حقیقت میں یہ آپ کے انفیکشن کو تیزی سے دور نہیں کرتا ہے۔

 بھاپ سانس لینا دراصل انفیکشن کے ذمہ دار وائرس کو نہیں مارتا ہے۔  بہترین طور پر ، آپ کا جسم آپ کی سردی سے لڑنے کے بعد بھاپ سے سانس لینے سے آپ کو قدرے بہتر محسوس ہوتا ہے۔

 عام سردی کے ساتھ بالغوں میں بھاپ تھراپی کا جائزہ لینے والے چھ کلینیکل ٹرائلز کا ایک جائزہ ملا جلا نتیجہ تھا۔  کچھ شرکاء کو علامات سے راحت ملی ، لیکن دوسروں نے ایسا نہیں کیا۔  مزید برآں ، کچھ شرکاء کو بھاپ سانس سے ناک کے اندر تکلیف کا سامنا کرنا پڑا۔
یہ ایک اور حالیہ کلینیکل ٹرائل نے دائمی سائنوس علامات کے علاج میں بھاپ سانس کے استعمال پر غور کیا۔  تاہم ، اس مطالعے میں یہ نہیں ملا کہ بھاپ سانس زیادہ تر سینوس علامات کے لیے  فائدہ مند ہے ، سوائے سر درد کے۔

 اگرچہ کلینیکل اسٹڈیز کے نتائج کو ملایا گیا ہے ، لیکن حتمی ثبوت سے یہ دعوی کیا گیا ہے کہ بھاپ سے سانس دور ہونے میں مدد ملتی ہے۔

  1.  سر درد
  2.  بھیڑ والی (بھٹی ہوئی) ناک
  3.  گلے میں جلن
  4.  ہوا کی راہ کی بھیڑ کی وجہ سے سانس لینے میں دشواری
  5.  خشک یا جلن ناک حصئوں
  6.  کھانسی
 بھاپ کو کس طرح سانس لینا ہے
 آپ کو درج ذیل مواد کی ضرورت ہوگی۔

  1.  ایک بڑا کٹورا
  2.  پانی
  3.  پانی کو گرم کرنے کے لئے ایک برتن یا کیتلی اور چولہا یا مائکروویو
  4.  تولیہ
 عمل یہاں ہے:

  1.  ابلتے پانی کو گرم کریں۔
  2.  احتیاط سے پیالے میں گرم پانی ڈالیں۔
  3.  تولیہ کو اپنے سر کے پچھلے حصے پر رکھیں۔
  4.  ٹائمر آن کریں۔
 اپنی آنکھیں بند کرو اور آہستہ آہستہ اپنے سر کو گرم پانی کی طرف نیچے کرو جب تک کہ آپ پانی سے 8 سے 12 انچ دور نہ ہوں۔  پانی سے براہ راست رابطہ کرنے سے بچنے کے لئے  انتہائی محتاط رہیں۔

 کم سے کم دو سے پانچ منٹ تک اپنی ناک کے ذریعے آہستہ اور گہری سانس لیں۔

 ہر سیشن کےلیے  10 سے 15 منٹ سے زیادہ دیر تک بھاپ نہ لگائیں۔  تاہم ، اگر آپ کے پاس ابھی بھی علامات پیدا ہو رہے ہیں تو ، آپ فی دن دو یا تین بار بھاپ سانس دہرا سکتے ہیں۔

 آپ آن لائن یا دواخانے میں بھی الیکٹرک بھاپ انحلر (جسے واپورائزر بھی کہتے ہیں) بھی خرید سکتے ہیں۔  ان کے لییے ، آپ کو صرف اشارے کی سطح پر پانی شامل کرنے اور سسٹم میں پلگ کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔  بھاپ بنانے والی مشین بھاپ بنانے کے لئے بجلی کا استعمال کرتی ہے جو مشین سے باہر ہونے سے پہلے ٹھنڈا ہوجاتا ہے۔  کچھ بخارات ایک بلٹ ان ماسک کے ساتھ آتے ہیں جو آپ کے منہ اور ناک کے ارد گرد فٹ بیٹھتے ہیں۔
بھاپ بخارات جراثیم سے جلدی سے گندا ہوسکتے ہیں ، لہذا آپ کو بیکٹیریل اور کوکیی نشوونما کو روکنے کے لیے اسے اکثر دھونے کی ضرورت ہوگی۔  استعمال کے دوران ہر چند دن بعد بالٹی اور فلٹر سسٹم کو بھی دھو لیں۔
کرونا وائرس، سوشل میڈیا ٹوٹکے
 اگر آپ آن لائن دیکھیں تو کرونا سے بچاؤ اور علاج سے متعلق بہت سے طریقے اور ٹوٹکے دستیاب ہیں۔ کہیں آپ کو لہسن کھانے کا مشورہ ملے گا اور کہیں پیاز سے اس کا علاج ممکن بتایا جا رہا ہے۔ اور بدقسمتی سے بہت سے لوگ نہ صرف ان ٹوٹکوں، جو کہ زیادہ تر ڈس انفارمیشن یہ جھوٹی خبر اور مفروضوں پرمشتمل ہیں، پر یقین کر رہے ہیں بلکہ ان کو آگے بھی پھیلا رہے ہیں۔  ڈس انفارمیشن انٹرنیٹ پر ایک بہت بڑا مسئلہ ہے.... >>>>>
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Here's How You Could Have Inherited Your Anxiety


 

Having anxiety can make us feel out of control and totally alone. However, research suggests that we may not need to look much further than our own family trees to find other people dealing with the same issues, because we could have inherited a lot of those anxious tendencies. 

In the study, published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers mildly stressed out 592 young rhesus monkeys by having an experimenter intrude into their space without making eye contact. Then, each subject underwent positron emission tomography brain scans (PET), which monitor metabolism in specific mood-related brain areas. The researchers also monitored the monkeys' behavioral responses to the situation.

The monkeys also underwent another kind of brain scan that allowed researchers to look at the anatomy of each brain and compare it to the rest of their family tree.

Results showed that the monkeys that reacted more strongly to the anxiety-producing situation — by freezing up or becoming less communicative — were also more likely to show overactive metabolism in those brain scans, indicating that the circuit was working overtime. Those anxious monkeys often inherited this type of brain function from their ancestors. 

The researchers also found that certain variations in those anxiety-related brain structures could be inherited, but it was this specific overactive brain metabolism that lead to more anxious behavior, rather than the structures themselves. The study authors concluded that variations in metabolism in these areas "regulate, initiate, and enact anxiety-related behavior that, when passed down from parent to child, likely result in early-life anxiety." 

Yes, these were monkeys in the study, but we humans can also show this anxious temperament as kids, and this research suggests that the way those brain circuits are working may make a huge difference. It's important to note that this isn't necessarily a measure of our overall anxiety. Instead, a temperament is more of an approach to the world that includes the way we react to new or frightening situations. Although having an anxious temperament predisposes us to develop more serious anxiety disorders later, it doesn't seal our fate.

Overall, family history accounts for about 35% of the likelihood that we'll develop an anxiety disorder — that's in addition to environmental factors, like the way your parents interacted with you. So, you can blame your family (and their genes) for a bit of your anxiety, even if you're more human than monkey.

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12 Signs of Anxiety Disorder By Amanda MacMillan

What's normal?

Everyone gets nervous or anxious from time to time—when speaking in public, for instance, or when going through financial difficulty. For some people, however, anxiety becomes so frequent, or so forceful, that it begins to take over their lives.

How can you tell if your everyday anxiety has crossed the line into a disorder? It's not easy. Anxiety comes in many different forms—such as panic attacks, phobia, and social anxiety—and the distinction between an official diagnosis and "normal" anxiety isn't always clear.

Here's a start: If you experience any of the following symptoms on a regular basis, you may want to talk with your doctor.

Excessive worry
The hallmark of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)—the broadest type of anxiety—is worrying too much about everyday things, large and small. But what constitutes "too much"?

In the case of GAD, it means having persistent anxious thoughts on most days of the week, for six months. Also, the anxiety must be so bad that it interferes with daily life and is accompanied by noticeable symptoms, such as fatigue.

"The distinction between an anxiety disorder and just having normal anxiety is whether your emotions are causing a lot of suffering and dysfunction," says Sally Winston, PsyD, co-director of the Anxiety and Stress Disorder Institute of Maryland in Towson.

Sleep problems
Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep is associated with a wide range of health conditions, both physical and psychological. And, of course, it's not unusual to toss and turn with anticipation on the night before a big speech or job interview.

But if you chronically find yourself lying awake, worried or agitated—about specific problems (like money), or nothing in particular—it might be a sign of an anxiety disorder. By some estimates, fully half of all people with GAD experience sleep problems.

Another tip-off that anxiety might be involved? You wake up feeling wired, your mind is racing, and you're unable to calm yourself down.

Irrational fears
Some anxiety isn't generalized at all; on the contrary, it's attached to a specific situation or thing—like flying, animals, or crowds. If the fear becomes overwhelming, disruptive, and way out of proportion to the actual risk involved, it's a telltale sign of phobia, a type of anxiety disorder.

Although phobias can be crippling, they're not obvious at all times. In fact, they may not surface until you confront a specific situation and discover you're incapable of overcoming your fear. "A person who's afraid of snakes can go for years without having a problem," Winston says. "But then suddenly their kid wants to go camping, and they realize they need treatment."

Muscle tension
Near-constant muscle tension—whether it consists of clenching your jaw, balling your fists, or flexing muscles throughout your body—often accompanies anxiety disorders. This symptom can be so persistent and pervasive that people who have lived with it for a long time may stop noticing it after a while.

Regular exercise can help keep muscle tension under control, but the tension may flare up if an injury or other unforeseen event disrupts a person's workout habits, Winston says. "Suddenly they're a wreck, because they can't handle their anxiety in that way and now they're incredibly restless and irritable."

Stage fright
Most people get at least a few butterflies before addressing a group of people or otherwise being in the spotlight. But if the fear is so strong that no amount of coaching or practice will alleviate it, or if you spend a lot of time thinking and worrying about it, you may have a form of social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia).

People with social anxiety tend to worry for days or weeks leading up to a particular event or situation. And if they do manage to go through with it, they tend to be deeply uncomfortable and may dwell on it for a long time afterward, wondering how they were judged.

Self-consciousness
Social anxiety disorder doesn't always involve speaking to a crowd or being the center of attention. In most cases, the anxiety is provoked by everyday situations such as making one-on-one conversation at a party, or eating and drinking in front of even a small number of people.

In these situations, people with social anxiety disorder tend to feel like all eyes are on them, and they often experience blushing, trembling, nausea, profuse sweating, or difficulty talking. These symptoms can be so disruptive that they make it hard to meet new people, maintain relationships, and advance at work or in school.

IPanic
Panic attacks can be terrifying: Picture a sudden, gripping feeling of fear and helplessness that can last for several minutes, accompanied by scary physical symptoms such as breathing problems, a pounding or racing heart, tingling or numb hands, sweating, weakness or dizziness, chest pain, stomach pain, and feeling hot or cold.

Not everyone who has a panic attack has an anxiety disorder, but people who experience them repeatedly may be diagnosed with panic disorder. People with panic disorder live in fear about when, where, and why their next attack might happen, and they tend to avoid places where attacks have occurred in the past.

Flashbacks
Reliving a disturbing or traumatic event—a violent encounter, the sudden death of a loved one—is a hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which shares some features with anxiety disorders. (Until very recently, in fact, PTSD was seen as a type of anxiety disorder rather than a stand-alone condition.)

But flashbacks may occur with other types of anxiety as well. Some research, including a 2006 study in the Journal of Anxiety Disorders, suggests that some people with social anxiety have PTSD-like flashbacks of experiences that might not seem obviously traumatic, such as being publicly ridiculed. These people may even avoid reminders of the experience—another symptom reminiscent of PTSD.

Perfectionism
The finicky and obsessive mind-set known as perfectionism "goes hand in hand with anxiety disorders," Winston says. "If you are constantly judging yourself or you have a lot of anticipatory anxiety about making mistakes or falling short of your standards, then you probably have an anxiety disorder."

Perfectionism is especially common in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which, like PTSD, has long been viewed as an anxiety disorder. "OCD can happen subtly, like in the case of somebody who can't get out of the house for three hours because their makeup has to be absolutely just right and they have to keep starting over," Winston says.

Compulsive behaviors
In order to be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, a person's obsessiveness and intrusive thoughts must be accompanied by compulsive behavior, whether it's mental (telling yourself It'll be all right over and over again) or physical (hand-washing, straightening items).

Obsessive thinking and compulsive behavior become a full-blown disorder when the need to complete the behaviors—also known as "rituals"—begins to drive your life, Winston says. "If you like your radio at volume level 3, for example, and it breaks and gets stuck on 4, would you be in a total panic until you could get it fixed?"

Self-doubt
Persistent self-doubt and second-guessing is a common feature of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder and OCD. In some cases, the doubt may revolve around a question that's central to a person's identity, like "Do I love my husband / wife as much as he loves me?"

In OCD, Winston says, these "doubt attacks" are especially common when a question is unanswerable. People with OCD "think, 'If only I would know 100% for sure, either one would be fine,' but they have this intolerance for uncertainty that turns the question into an obsession," she says.

Source: 12 Signs You May Have an Anxiety Disorder: http://flip.it/r3S4Z


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Social sector: Welcome to NGO hell!

“ You’ve no idea how difficult it is to live in this country and do what I do. Each day it gets more difficult, but we put up a brave face and do our fashion shows in the face of terrorism,” she said before turning around to a colleague who then added, “I’ve never even felt the need to sell clothes to Pakistanis.”
It may be hard to believe but by recalling these conversations, the intention is certainly not to mock anyone or their profession. Bizarrely enough, these conversations are heard too often and replied to with a rather patronising “We are here to listen to your problems”. The fact is that the person responsibly listening to the conversation has no authority to be able to resolve the issues in a local context; he or she is usually a foreign diplomat with a curated list of ‘influencers’ who they must speak to, in order to understand the country better — a dangerous, unpredictable and obviously exotic country that they’ve been posted to for roughly a year.
In one such conversation a gentlemen repeated “We don’t have the ideas but we can write the cheque,” so one imagines he’d lean back and start rubbing his pot belly as he cackles. Yet we sat around him looking rather attentive and listened to lots of talk about capacity building, trainings and the need for more conferences. In the past year, ‘deliverables’ and ‘deliveries’ have been spoken more in the development sector than in three years at the gynaecology ward. “Par bibi project deliverables kya hain?” These usually range from creating awareness to reaching strategic goals that can enable a better understanding of the issue to strategic capacity building initiatives. No, I don’t understand what that means either.

An anonymous insider gives us a tongue-in-cheek taste of what it’s like to work in a foreign-funded NGO

“Array Shehansha/Alija/Sir jee kaisay hain ap?” There are a range of adjectives selected, curated and developed to address the donors; if your donor is brown, rigorous use of the term “Sir jee” along with a warm head shake, an ear to ear grin, a little submissive tilt of the head, embellished with a warm handshake and a hand on the chest will do the magic. Don’t forget to repeat “Yeh to sab Khwaja Sahab ka vision hai” every time you meet a new person in your donor’s presence. If it’s a potential foreign donor, start with “Let me tell you something about Pakistan,” mix in news of a few threats here and there, words like “state persecution” and a dab of “but we continue to be hopeful, shattered but hopeful”. If he/she is really listening, go ahead and say “We need your help and support, especially the international community’s” … and your job’s done.
The corruption and harassment within the development sector is immeasurable. Simply because it doesn’t occur in isolation an entire culture, or mafia if you like, feeds the NGO-Industrial Complex. There’s lots of talk about stricter cross checks for NGOs but not a word about donor-enabled corruption. For instance, if you’ve pitched a project and received money for it and let’s say you’ve been able to do the job in less amount of money than originally quoted, you’re likely to be penalised rather than lauded.
A well-meaning rights activist — yes they exist — once told me that during one of her initial projects they were able to do 12 events instead of six, simply because they found a cheaper venue: “Excited, we sent our report to the donor only to find out that they were disappointed at our supposed inability to make accurate budgets.” In such a situation, civil society organisations would rather focus on spending the money than on how to get the most out of funds being spent on interactions.
If you’ve allocated a certain amount of budget for travel and do not require it at some point of your project and you can’t put it to better use; you must use it or send it back. Before you know it, you’re tailoring ‘projects’ according to what’s required by the donor. The donor’s demands may change from what the current director is interested in; to a high-profile incident with strategic foreign policy value. Between that and donor’s own research on what’s important in your region; there’s a little likelihood that you’d actually be able to do what you feel or think is important.
It’s a badly broken system where incompetence and rampant corruption is seemingly unquestionable. That’s not to say that every single development worker in Pakistan is involved in corruption or hoarding funds, but the bureaucracy of it all leaves even the most optimistic clamouring for support. The fact is that the system only works for the donors and NGOs and does little or nothing for the problems that they’re trying to address. There are exceptions, which could’ve been more common had it not been run like an industry more focused on spending money as fast as possible than on investing it strategically to reduce dependency.
The answer doesn’t lie in the over regulation of the NGOs or their donors but a total dismantling of the NGO-industrial complex. Until then, conferences and consultations on ‘labour rights’ can continue to be held at five star hotels — which for one are known to underpay their employees — without a hint of irony and we’d continue to have lots of project reports to show for it.
Published in Dawn, Sunday Magazine, May 25th, 2014


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Pakistan: Need for Classical conditioning for Development and progress

According to the English philosopher John Locke, human nature is like a `tabula rasa` or a blank slate. He believed that human nature is dependent on a good or bad environment. So if the state provides basic needs to people, the pleasant environment will reflect in the improved behaviour of the people. They will respect moral values and preserve their dignity and virtues. Based on this philosophy, the Western states have reformed education and health, thus positively impacting the lifestyle of people. The ruling classes of Pakistan should also introduce reforms for education and health for the common man. This would change the human nature positively across the country. Failure to do so means the existing rate of decline will only pick up pace. 

 In an endeavour to understand human nature, thinkers and philosophers debate its changeability. Historical ac-counts of different nations show that although customs, traditions, culture, religious practice and law may control human behaviour, the reaction and attitude of a nation towards the society is influenced by economic and political progress.

As long as political institutions are stable and the economic system is strong enough to provide basic needs to people, societies sustain moral values. But when political and economic systems collapse, morality and legal systems also degenerate, resulting in chaos and disorder.

Greek historian Thucydides, in his book The History of the Peloponnesian Wars, compares the Athenians during peace and prosperity with the crisis they confronted during the plague.

Prior to the epidemic, the Athenians valued their freedom, democratic reforms and their victories in war. Their leader Pericles delivered the famous funeral oration and honoured those who were kil-led in the battlefield while defending the Republic of Athens. He praised the virtues of the city and its traditions and customs, creating a sense of pride among the audience.

Culturally superior to others, the Athenian society was a paragon of virtue and honour.

According to Thucydides` account of the war, the situation changed dramatically in the fifth century. Soon after the famous speech by Pericles, Athens was struck by a plague. This was when the Peloponnesian war refugees from the neighbouring villages and towns took shelter within the city of Athens. The overcrowding, hot and humid weather conditions, poor water supply and no sewerage led to the spread of the deadly virus.

Pericles himself died in the epidemic along with thousands of people, leaving behind a chaotic city.

In the absence of preventive measures and remedies, the disease rapidly spread through the city.

Dead bodies lay everywhere and people would throw corpses in the burning funeral pyres of other dead people, violating the tradition and custom of funerals.The plague destroyed the entire fabric of society which according to Thucydides, was the worst aspect of the plague. People abandoned the dead along with their sick friends and family. As self interest overpowered the feelings of fraternity and brotherhood, the sense of honour and sharing with others disappeared.

Some people took full advantage of the plague and the suffering and violated all social norms. They plundered, pillaged and accumulated wealth, enjoying the revelry and debauchery.

This account of events shows that human nature changes according to changing circumstances.

People behave differently in times of peace and prosperity as compared to times of war, famine, drought and pestilence.

History shows that when a nation progresses, the people are dignified.

But when the nation stagnates, so does the character of its people.

In view of this historical background, when we study the history of Pakistan we find that the behaviour of its people has changed with political and economic vicissitude.In its early history, the moral situation of the society had not degenerated so much as it has presently.The institutions worked efficiently, bureaucrats were not (that) corrupt and the politicians, although ac-cused of inefficiency, were not utterly venal. This is of course a generalisation, but a somewhat accurateone at that.

Repeated military interventions, wars and political in-fighting completely changed the structure and values of the society, resulting in disorder and chaos. The decline and failure of society has affected the behaviour of people. Moral values have lost their impact while self-interest has become the leitmotif for success.

The behaviour of people can only change for the better with economic and political stability.

According to the English philosopher John Locke, human nature is like a `tabula rasa` or a blank slate.

He believed that human nature is dependent on a good or bad environment. So if the state provides basic needs to people, the pleasant environment will reflect in the improved behaviour of the people.

They will respect moral values and preserve their dignity and virtues.

Based on this philosophy, the Western states have reformed education and health, thus positively impacting the lifestyle of people.

The ruling classes of Pakistan should also introduce reforms for education and health for the common man. This would change the human nature positively across the country. Failure to do so means the existing rate of decline will only pick up pace. 
By Mubarak Ali: http://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=27_10_2013_424_003
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Watch out! Sunstroke can cause instant death: Prevention



LAHORE - Sunstroke can cause instant death during the scorching summers if preventive measures are not adopted. Principal Khawaja Safdar Medical College Prof Dr.Zafar Ali Chaudhary told APP here on Sunday that sun stroke occurs due to failure of body's heat regulating mechanism and men particularly elderly people are more prone to sun strokes as compared to women.
Highlighting the symptoms of the stroke, he said, in the first step the body water is lost through incessant perspiration which causes the internal body temperature shoot up to dangerous levels--and could go as high as 106 degree F.
Principal Shaikh Zayed Medical College Prof Dr.Zafar Iqbal advised that the victims should be immediately moved to a cooler place and be given cold water or ice sponging in the limbs to restore the blood circulation. The victims should also be administered salt and water through drips, he added. Medical Superintendent,Mayo Hospital,Dr.Zahid Pervaiz, a prominent family phayscian, also advised people to avoid direct exposure to heat and stay indoors as much as possible. He further advised them to cover the head and neck while going out.
He said that plenty of chilled drinks with a dash of salt are a good preventive measure. Citing the importance of oriental drinks such as lassi, sattu, shakkar sharbat, lemon water
  http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/lahore/20-May-2013/sunstroke-can-cause-instant-death.etc, he said 
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One minute- 20 things happening


Every minute in world:
  • 250 babies are born- 113 are born into poverty, 15 have birth defects.
  • The average American household makes $0.096.
  • Oprah Winfrey makes $523.
  • The average person in the world makes $0.013.
  • The average person in the Unites States with an IT career makes $0.13.
  • The average person in India with an IT career makes $0.025.
  • Someone working in a Nike factory in Vietnam makes $0.0014.
  • Nike makes $36,505.
  • 3 violent crimes are committed in the United States.
  • There are 2 auto thefts committed in the Unites States.
  • 55,757 barrels of oil are used.
  • Lightning strikes the Earth 360 times.
  • There are 5 earthquakes.
  • 120,673 pounds of edible food is thrown away in the United States.
  • 950,186 pounds of trash is thrown away in the United States.
  • There are 9 new AIDS/HIV infections.
  • There are 107 deaths- 18 die of starvation.
  • What Zardari, Sharifs & co do ><<<<click>>>>>>
  • <<<<<<Keep reading >>>>>>>>
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The 10 symptoms of vitamin D deficiency you need to recognize

(NaturalNews) Taking vitamin D while still young may be good for the body in the long run. Results from a study conducted by the University of Zurich have confirmed that sufficient amounts of vitamin D taken consistently are necessary to maintain bone health.

Many people believe that maintaining healthy eating habits is enough, but only few foods naturally contain significant levels of vitamin D. According to Dr. Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, a faculty of UZH, in order to get adequate levels of vitamin D through diet alone, two servings of fatty fish like salmon or mackerel would have to be consumed every day. It is thus necessary to increase vitamin D levels in the body through sufficient sun exposure and supplementation in order to use the sunshine vitamin's full potential for maintaining proper body functioning.

This misconception about maintaining D levels through diet does have a degree of ground since vitamin D is not a stand alone vitamin. To perform many functions, vitamin D works in cooperation with other vitamins like magnesium, which can be found in leafy green vegetables such as spinach. This unique characteristic of vitamin D has contributed to the management of many chronic illnesses.

The many faces of vitamin D

Decades ago, health care professionals thought vitamin D was only good for keeping healthy bones and teeth. Recent advances in science, however, have put this vitamin in the spotlight by revealing its multifaceted role in the proper functioning of the human body and its ability to lower the risk of illnesses not formerly associated with it.

Despite the recent revelations about the potential of vitamin D, it appears that not everyone appreciates this discovery. The current lifestyle of working indoors has contributed to the growing number of vitamin D deficiency cases worldwide. This is compounded by the fact that not everyone is aware that he or she may be vitamin D deficient.

Am I vitamin D deficient?

The best way to discover vitamin D deficiency is to take a blood test that will measure the level of the vitamin in your blood. You can either ask your doctor to administer the test or buy a home test kit do the test yourself. However, you are certainly vitamin D deficient if you have any of the following ailments, and you need to consult with your doctor regarding your preventive, as well as curative, options as soon as possible.

1.) The flu - In a study published in the Cambridge Journals, it was discovered that vitamin D deficiency predisposes children to respiratory diseases. An intervention study conducted showed that vitamin D reduces the incidence of respiratory infections in children.

2.) Muscle weakness - According to Michael F. Holick, a leading vitamin D expert, muscle weakness is usually caused by vitamin D deficiency because for skeletal muscles to function properly, their vitamin D receptors must be sustained by vitamin D.

3.) Psoriasis - In a study published by the UK PubMed central, it was discovered that synthetic vitamin D analogues were found useful in the treatment of psoriasis.

4.) Chronic kidney disease - According to Holick, patients with advanced chronic kidney diseases (especially those requiring dialysis) are unable to make the active form of vitamin D. These individuals need to take 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or one of its calcemic analogues to support calcium metabolism, decrease the risk of renal bone disease and regulate parathyroid hormone levels.

5.) Diabetes - A study conducted in Finland was featured in Lancet.com in which 10,366 children were given 2000 international units (IU)/day of vitamin D3 per day during their first day of life. The children were monitored for 31 years and in all of them, the risk of type 1 diabetes was reduced by 80 percent.

6.) Asthma - Vitamin D may reduce the severity of asthma attacks. Research conducted in Japan revealed that asthma attacks in school children were significantly lowered in those subjects taking a daily vitamin D supplement of 1200 IU a day.

7.) Periodontal disease - Those suffering from this chronic gum disease that causes swelling and bleeding gums should consider raising their vitamin D levels to produce defensins and cathelicidin, compounds that contain microbial properties and lower the number of bacteria in the mouth.

8.) Cardiovascular disease - Congestive heart failure is associated with vitamin D deficiency. Research conducted at Harvard University among nurses found that women with low vitamin D levels (17 ng/m [42 nmol/L]) had a 67 percent increased risk of developing hypertension.

9.) Schizophrenia and Depression - These disorders have been linked to vitamin D deficiency. In a study, it was discovered that maintaining sufficient vitamin D among pregnant women and during childhood was necessary to satisfy the vitamin D receptor in the brain integral for brain development and mental function maintenance in later life.

10.) Cancer - Researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington DC discovered a connection between high vitamin D intake and reduced risk of breast cancer. These findings, presented at the American Association for Cancer Research, revealed that increased doses of the sunshine vitamin were linked to a 75 percent reduction in overall cancer growth and 50 percent reduction in tumor cases among those already having the disease. Of interest was the capacity of vitamin supplementation to help control the development and growth of breast cancer specially estrogen-sensitive breast cancer.

Prevention is proactive

These various health conditions associated with vitamin D deficiency need not be something to fear. A proactive approach to prevention can assist in the avoidance of the many chronic diseases associated with vitamin D deficiency. For one, thousands of dollars can be saved, not to mention the peace of mind, simply at the cost of taking a walk under the sun. Save the umbrellas for the rainy days.
http://www.naturalnews.com/035089_vitamin_d_deficiency_signs_symptoms.htmlSources for this article:
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,510299,00.html
http://journals.cambridge.org
http://www.vitamindcouncil.com
http://www.naturalnews.com/032222_breast_cancer_vitamin_D.html

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/035089_vitamin_d_deficiency_signs_symptoms.html#ixzz2HD05cKvn
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Sweet SolutionsI

Eat less fat, less salt and very little, if any, sugar. Eat more fibre and complex carbohydrates, especially from whole grains, pulses, fresh fruit and vegetables — this is the message from nutritionists. These guidelines might sound straightforward, but if it were simple to follow them, I am sure we would all be healthy tomorrow. Change is not easy. Take the example of table sugar consumption. We are fully aware of the serious side effects related to high sugar intake such as obesity, blood sugar imbalances, heart disease, arthritis, immune-suppression, vitamin and mineral depletion to name a few. So why do we eat, on average, one kilo of refined sugar each week? Is sugar addictive?

The culprit is sucrose in the form of white or brown sugar. The way nature packages sugar, with fibre, vitamins, minerals and water, as for example, in fruit and vegetables, ensures that we don’t eat too much. Refined sugar, on the other hand, gives no nutrients, only calories. Whatever we eat raises the level of blood glucose (blood sugar). When glucose is released slowly and steadily during digestion, the blood sugar level is maintained within normal limits, sustaining physical and mental ability, helping us to concentrate and keeping emotions balanced.

All goes well when unrefined, high fibre carbohydrates are eaten because these are digested slowly, but a concentrated supply of refined sugar is absorbed quickly and raises blood sugar to high levels. The pancreas sends insulin to lower the sugar level, causing a rapid fall, which leaves a craving for more sugar. It is a vicious cycle, causing bursts of energy followed by fatigue and mood swings. Besides, if the pancreas can’t cope with such a high demand for insulin, this may lead to diabetes. Moreover, acid-producing bacteria that attack our teeth, also love sugar, as it reacts with saliva to produce just the environment the bacteria needs.

Refined sugar robs nutrients away from the body’s supplies. Since it lacks minerals and vitamins, it draws upon the body’s existing store of nutrients to metabolise into the system. When these nutrients are all used up, metabolising of undesirable cholesterol and fatty acid slows down, contributing to higher cholesterol and promoting obesity due to higher fatty acid in the organs and tissues.

Too much white as well as brown sugar also increases the level of triglycerides (fats) in the blood; increase in fats may be associated with circulatory disorders such as atherosclerosis.

Sugar consumption cannot be measured in packets. Packet sales have in fact fallen in recent years, while sugar consumption has not. This is because as much as three quarters of the sugar we eat is found in processed foods, and not just the obvious ones like bottled beverages which have as much as 35ml (seven teaspoons) sugar in one glass.

Is it possible to avoid or minimise the use of table sugar altogether? Yes, you simply use natural sweet alternatives instead.

Honey

Both sugar and honey contain glucose and fructose. However, when sugar is refined, all organic acids, proteins, enzymes and vitamins are destroyed, whereas honey, a natural sweetener, is subjected to only minimal heating during the packaging process.

Besides, honey has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties which are not present in table sugar. Generally, the darker varieties have a stronger flavour as well as a higher mineral content. Choose organic local honeys to reap maximum health benefits.

Molasses

Molasses is a residue left after extracting sugar from cane or beet. There are different types of molasses based on the level of extraction. The sweetest comes from the first extraction and is known as light molasses. The darkest form, blackstrap molasses, is the least sweet and is derived from the final extraction. Though molasses is sucrose, not fructose, and doesn’t offer a
significant caloric advantage over table sugar, it contains a number of minerals and vitamins.

Maple syrup

Maple syrup is a natural unprocessed product. Though it is not as sweet as honey and is largely sucrose, it does contain useful antioxidants and B vitamins. It is also a source of manganese that helps our body produce energy and zinc thus protecting our heart and developing immunity.

Brown rice syrup

Brown rice syrup is a natural sweetener produced by fermenting cooked brown rice. It’s made up of both maltose and glucose.

The maltose component has a lower glycemic index which means it doesn’t cause rapid fluctuations in blood sugar and insulin level as compared to table sugar. This rice derivative contains magnesium, manganese and zinc and it also has a higher protein content than most sweeteners.

Barley malt syrup

One of the healthiest natural sugar alternatives, this sweetener is a derivative of sprouted barley grains. Only about half as sweet as table sugar, barley malt syrup is a reasonably good source of some minerals and vitamins. Like brown rice syrup, it’s composed primarily of maltose which gives it a lower glycemic index.

Date sugar

Date sugar is 100 per cent dried dates ground into small pieces. It’s a whole food, rich in fibre, minerals and vitamins. Date sugar can be substituted for granulated sugar or brown sugar cup for cup, but it does not dissolve in liquids.

by Jahan Geldiyeva: http://www.dawn.com/2012/03/11/healthy-alternatives-sweet-solutions.html
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Understanding both healthy & not so healthy sugars with their Glycemic Index 

Glucose
Glucose is the simple sugar made by the body through digestion of carbohydrates. It is the body's chief source of energy. Sometimes glucose is called dextrose.

Sucrose
Sucrose is what we commonly refer to as table sugar. It is made from highly processed sugar cane or sugar beets. The composition of sucrose is a combination of glucose and fructose, which separates during digestion. Pure sucrose is devoid of any nutrients.


Fructose
Fructose, commonly called fruit sugar, is a simple sugar found in honey, tree fruits, berries, and melons. But don't be fooled into thinking fructose on a label means you are eating fruit sugar. Pure crystalline fructose comes from two sources: corn or sucrose (table sugar). Corn starch is processed to release fructose. Sucrose (table sugar) is enzymatically hydrolyzed to separate into glucose and fructose. Crystalline fructose is pure fructose from one of these two sources.

High fructose syrup
High Fructose Corn Syrup is made from starches like corn, wheat, and rice. High fructose syrups contain nearly equal amounts of glucose and fructose, a composition nearly identical to sucrose (table sugar). The reason high fructose corn syrup is so abundant in our processed food is simple-it's cheaper than sugar. Because we highly subsidize corn and place tariffs on sugar imports, high fructose corn syrup is much less expensive.

Pure fructose is 1.2-1.8 times sweeter than sucrose so less is needed for the same level of sweetness. It is low on the glycemic index, therefore it does not lead to peaks and dips in the body's glucose levels. But fructose is processed in the liver. When too much fructose enters the liver at once, the liver can't process fructose as a sugar. Instead, the liver turns excess fructose into fats-triglycerides. When you incorporate these fats into our bodies cells (the cell membranes) triglycerides cause these cells to be insulin resistant. This is the reason that high fructose corn syrup leads to diabetes. Fructose is linked to significant increases of both cholesterol and triglycerides. And remember-fructose, like sucrose-is a highly refined processed sugar devoid of any nutrition.

Also check out Issue 5, High Fructose Corn Syrup, A Not So Sweet Surprise

Maltose
Maltose, also known as malt sugar, is half as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). It is produced from starch (barley, wheat, rice or other grains). It has been produced in China since 200 B.C. We use it in making beer and as an additive to some processed foods.

In our bodies, maltose is formed as the first step in digestion of starchy foods. It is then broken down into glucose.
Lactose
Lactose is the sugar found naturally in milk.

Date Sugar
Date sugar is 100% dehydrated dates ground into small pieces. It is a whole food, high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Date sugar can be substituted for granulated sugar or brown sugar cup for cup, but it does not dissolve in liquids. Most alternative health practitionars consider Date Sugar to be a healthy sugar alternative. We did not include it in the chart because we could not find its glycemic index.

Sugar Alcohols or Polyols
Maltitol, maltitol syrup, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and isomalt are examples of sugar alcohols. They occur naturally in plants, but are usually manufactured from sugars and starches. Sugar alcohols have fewer calories than sugars because they are not completely absorbed by the body. They can ferment in the intestines and cause gas, bloating, and diarrhea.

Glycemic Index
When carbohydrates are digested, glucose is released into the bloodstream. The glycemic index is a comparative measurement of the amount of glucose released by a particular food over a two to three-hour period.


Foods that rapidly release glucose rate high on the glycemic index (GI). Foods that slowly release glucose are low on the glycemic index. Mixing high and low GI foods can result in a moderate glucose release.


Sugars & Substitutes with their Glycemic Index
Artificial Sweeteners
N/A
Never a Healthy Sugar Alternative
All artificial chemical sweeteners are toxic and can indirectly lead to weight gain, the very reason many people consume them. They should be avoided. In fact, given a choice between high fructose corn syrup and artificial sweeteners, we recommend high fructose corn syrup by far (though it's essentially asking if you should consume poison or worse poison).
Stevia
0
Best Healthy Sugar Alternative
Though it is 200-300 times sweeter than table sugar, stevia is not a sugar. Unlike other popular sweeteners, it has a glycemic index rating of less than 1 and therefore does not feed candida (yeast) or cause any of the numerous other problems associated with sugar consumption. Read more about stevia at Organic Lifestyle Magazine (OLM). Please note that Stevia and Truvia are not the same thing.

Xylitol
7
Xylitol is a natural sugar alcohol sweetener found in the fibers of fruits and vegetables which can cause bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence with initial consumption. It's said to be safe for pregnant women, and is said to possibly treat ear infections, osteoposis, respiratory infections, candida, and is it even helps fight cavities. In fact, in Finland, virtually all chewing gum is sweetened with xylitol.
Agave Nectar
15-30
A sweet syrup made from the Blue Agave plant, Agave Nectar is obtained by the extraction and purification of "sap" from the agave plant, which is broken down by natural enzymes into the monosaccharides (simple sugars): mainly fructose (70-75%) and dextrose (20-26%). Read more about agave nectar at OLM.
Fructose 
17
Though fructose has a low glycemic index rating, fructose consumption should be limited. Fructose is linked to heart disease as it raises triglycerides and cholesterol. It is devoid of nutrition.
Brown Rice Syrup
85
It is not recommended for diabetics, since its sweetness comes from maltose, which is known to cause spikes in blood sugar.
Raw Honey
30
A Healthy Sugar Alternative in moderation     
With antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, carbohydrates, and phytonutrients, raw, unprocessed honey is considered a superfood by many alternative health care practitioners and a remedy for many health ailments. Choose your honey wisely. There is nothing beneficial about processed honey. Read more about honey at >>>
Coconut Palm Sugar
35
Originally made from the sugary sap of the Palmyra palm , the date palm or sugar date palm (Phoenix sylvestris). It's also made from the sap of coconut palms. With a relatively low glycemic index, Cocnut palm sugar is the new rage among health nuts. It's often called "coconut nectar sugar" or "coconut sugar".
Apple Juice
40
Fresh apple juice is good for you, though we recommend eating fresh raw whole apples. Concentrated apple juice (sometimes used as a sweetener) is closer to refined sugar than fresh apple juice.
Barley Malt Syrup
42
Barley malt syrup is considered to be one of the healthiest sweeteners in the natural food industry. Barley malt is made by soaking and sprouting barley to make malt, then combining it with more barley and cooking this mixture until the starch is converted to sugar. The mash is then strained and cooked down to syrup or dried into powder.
 Amasake
43
This is an ancient, Oriental whole grain sweetener made from cultured brown rice. It has a thick, pudding-like consistency. It's not easy to find in the U.S., but it is a great alternative to refined table sugar.
Sugar Cane Juice
43
Healthy Sugar Alternative in moderation
Sugar cane juice has many nutrients and other beneficial properties and is said by some health practitioners to be almost as medicinal as raw honey.
Organic Sugar
47
Organic sugar comes from sugar cane grown without the use of chemicals or pesticides. It is usually darker than traditional white sugar because it contains some molasses. (It has not been processed to the degree white sugar is processed).
Maple Syrup
54
Maple syrup is made by boiling sap collected from natural growth maple trees during March & April. It is refined sap and is therefore processed.  It has a high glycemic index, and though it is much more nutritious then refined table sugar and high fructose corn syrup, there are better choices.
Evaporated Cane Juice
55
Evaporated cane juice is often considered unrefined sugar, but juicing is a refining process, and evaporating refines further. Though better than turbinado, cane juice (unevaporated) is a better choice as a sweetener.
Black Strap Molasses
55
White refined table sugar is sugar cane with all the nutrition taken out. Black strap molasses is all of that nutrition that was taken away. A quality organic (must be organic!) molasses provides iron, calcium, copper, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and zinc, and is alkalizing to the body.
Turbinado
65
Turbinado sugar is partially processed sugar, also called raw sugar.
Raw Sugar
Raw sugar
65
Raw sugar is not actually raw sugar. It is processed, though not as refined as common white table sugar. Therefore, given a choice between raw and white, choose raw. There are many different variations of raw sugar with many different names depending on how refined it is.
Cola (and most other sodas)
70
Though cola has a lower GI ranking then some might expect, there are many other reasons to avoid cola, or any type of soda. There is nothing beneficial to the human body inside a can of soda (not to mention we should avoid drinking out of aluminum cans!).
Corn Syrup
75
Corn syrup has very little nutrition and should be avoided.
Refined, Pasteurized Honey
75
The nutrition is gone, and there is often high fructose corn syrup added to processed honey. Refined pasteurized honey is no better than white table sugar.
Refined Table Sugar
80
Conventionally grown, chemically processed, and striped of all beneficial properties, many health advocates believe that refined sugar is one of the two leading causes (high fructose corn syrup is the other) of nearly every health ailment known to man (or woman or child). Not only does it have a high GI ranking, but it also is extremely acidic to the body causing calcium and other mineral depletion from bones and organs (sugar is alkaline but has a very acidic effect on the body).
High Fructose Corn Syrup
87
Many health advocates believe that high fructose corn syrup and refined sugar are the two biggest contributors to health ailments in our society. High fructose corn syrup is a combination of sucrose and fructose.
Glucose (AKA Dextrose)
100
White bread was the benchmark, but for consistency glucose now holds the rating at 100.
Maltodextrin
150
Foods that have maltodextrin often say "Low Sugar" or "Complex Carbohydrate", but this sweetener should be avoided!
Please note that the glycemic index numbers here are estimates. There are many variables that help determine how quickly a sugar is absorbed. These numbers represant an average of many different respected studies. In addition, it is very important to note that the glycemic index does not define what is a healthy sugar and what is an unhealthy sugar. There are many other variables.
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